Includes bibliographical references and index.

State contracts and their governing law : a reappraisal -- The international responsibility of states based on investment promotion and protection treaties -- The state's normative freedom and the question of indirect expropriation -- Some theoretical reflections on state contracts -- Hans Kelsen and the advancement of international law -- The notion of Civitas Maxima in Kelsen's work -- International courts in an interstate society -- The state within the meaning of international law and the state within the meaning of municipal law (on the theory of the dual personality of the state) -- On the legal nature of the European Communities centralisation/decentralisation of a legal order -- A federation of nation states or a federal state? -- Is there a European approach to human rights?

The advancement of international law presupposes that the objections are met. The 'realist' objection claims that sovereign states deciding matters cast over the precept that 'might is right'. This title shows the invention of two techniques in positive law: state contracts and transnational arbitration without privity. Any talk of the advancement of international law presupposes that two objections are met. The first is the 'realist' objection which, observing the state of international relations today, claims that when it comes down to the important things in international life-war and peace, and more generally power politics among states-no real advancement has been made: international society remains a society of sovereign states deciding matters with regard solely to their own best interests and with international law all too often being no more than a thin cloak cast over the precept that 'might is right'. Against this excessive scepticism stands excessive optimism: international law is supposedly making giant strides forward thanks especially to the tremendous mass of soft law generated by international organisations over the past sixty years and more. By incautiously mixing all manner of customs, treaties, resolutions and recommendations, a picture of international law is painted that has little to do with the 'real world'. The essays collected in this book are arranged into three sections. The first purports to show from the specific example of international investment law that the past half-century has seen the invention of two genuinely new techniques in positive law: state contracts and transnational arbitration without privity. This is 'advancement' in international law not because the techniques are 'good' in themselves (one may well think them 'bad') but because they have introduced legal possibilities into international law that did not exist heretofore. The second section examines the theoretical consequences of those new legal techniques and especially the way they affect the theory of the state. The third widens the field of view and asks whether European law has surpassed international law in a move towards federalism or whether it represents a step forward for international law. These reflections make for a clearer theoretical understanding of what constitutes true advancement in international law. Such an understanding should give pause both to those who argue that hardly any progress has been made, and to those who are overly fanciful about progress.